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Social Movement Impact Theory
Social Movement Impact Theory (otherwise known as Outcome Theory) is a subcategory of social movement theory, and focuses on assessing the impacts that social movements have on society, as well as what factors might have led to those effects.
==History==
Social Movement Impact Theory has been studied far less than most other subcategories of Social Movement Theory, mostly due to methodological issues. It is relatively new, and was only introduced in 1975 with William Gamson's book "The Strategy of Social Protest," followed by Piven and Cloward's book "Poor People's Movements" 〔Gamson, 1975〕〔Piven and Cloward, 1977〕 In his groundbreaking study, Gamson studied 53 social movement organizations from between 1800 and 1945, and collected data regarding their success. Among Gamson's most important findings were that organizations which attempt to displace a specific person in power are almost never successful; that movement violence is a symptom of success (not a cause of it); that bureaucratic organizations are more likely to be successful, but also more likely to be co-opted by elites; and that organizations that are allowed to emerge in times of political calm are more successful during times of turbulence. These findings catalyzed some of the major debates in Impact theory.
Two years later, Piven and Cloward published the controversial "Poor People's Movements," which argued that power structures are threatened by disorganized and disruptive people. This provoked a major backlash among Social Movement Theorists, and the idea that organization in social movements is harmful has been largely discredited.〔Andrews, 2003〕〔Gamson, 1990〕〔Cress and Snow 2000〕 They also argue that social movement organizations will be most successful when there is a divide among the elites, and some elites are forced to side with the poor. This was received more favorably, and was a catalytic idea in the Political Mediation model 〔Amenta et al., 2010〕
The publishing of these two books sparked debate between scholars, many of whom began to focus on Impacts more specifically.〔Giugni et al., 1999〕〔Amenta, 2006〕〔Andrews, 2004〕〔Baumgartner and Mahoney, 2006〕
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